For example, if I generalize from my family situation (2 adults, 2 children), to the population of Japan, I can assume that half of the adults are Japanese and all the children are female, which is obviously incorrect. Unrepresentative sample: This occurs when the sample is not representative of the population to be generalized to.Analogies may be true comparing features of, say, chimpanzees and monkeys but the more dissimiliar the items, the less reliable the analogy is. Weak analogy: Analogies use inductive reasoning to compare features of two similar elements.(Example: Climate change deniers zooming in on a small part of the graph and ignoring the trend in the entire data set.) Texas sharpshooter: You cherry-picked a data cluster to suit your argument.Anedotal: You used a personal experience or an isolated example instead of a sound argument or compelling evidence.Fallacy fallacy: You presumed that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong.Ĭonsider the following fallacies carefully.No true Scotsman: You made what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flows of your argument.Appeal to authority: You said that because an authority thinks something, therefore it must be true.Appeal to emotion: You attempted to manipulate an emotional response in place of valid or compelling argument.Tu quoque: You avoided having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser.ad populum): You appealed to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation. Politicians do this frequently (among many logical fallacies, of course). personal attack: You attacked your opponent’s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument. False dilemma, False dichotomoy): You presented two alternative states as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist (the "grey area") The gambler's fallacy You said that ‘runs’ occur (like getting 7 red numbers in a row at a roulette table), not realizing that each spin (event) is completely independent.Special pleading: You moved the goalposts or made up an exception when your claim was shown to be false.Strawman: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.Red herring fallacies include straw man, genetic fallacy, bandwagon fallacy ( ad populum), emotional appeal (rhetorical ploy), wishful thinking, ad hominem, tu quoque, appeal to authority, black or white fallacy (false dilemma, false dichotomy), special pleading, no true Scotsman, the fallacy fallacy, gambler`s fallacy. This is probably the original of the name of this fallacy. Red herring is a very pungent, or smelly, fish that could be used to distract dogs from the scent of a trail. PowerPoint and YouTube are useful tools, but the most important resource is your brain!įallacies that aim to distract attention are known as red herring fallacies. There will be no understanding without actually thinking. To understand a fallacy, you need to think. Read carefully and consider the following informal fallacies. Red herring fallacies Activity 2: Reading
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